Even the language of Life’s caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled “The Strenuous Life.” Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger …. Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. The divine right of kings—here, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannon—is intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called “progress.”, …les prisonniers boërs ont été réunis en de grands enclos où depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. 83-108 (2006). Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijing—overflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christians—was put to siege. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. The full sardonic irony of the rendering, however, resides in the dead occupants of the graves. The strategy was among several emerging in these “small wars” of the turn of the century. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, “China’s millions” represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Gillam’s sub-caption is “All this for politics—is civilization advancing?”. “ʻUncle Sam is to be Sacrificedʼ: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.” American Nineteenth Century History. Description: In the mid-1880s the number of immigrants to the United States from northern and western Europe declined sharply. 1, July 6, 2015. At the rear of the classroom are students holding books labeled "California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, [and] Alaska". John Bull and Uncle Sam lift the globe, turned toward Asia and the Pacific, to the heavens. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the “Think It Over” battlefield. The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. One thing I also thought while looking through all those cartoons is “wow, if only Puck were around to illustrate the current shitshow that is the election of 2016.” Of course we have humorists and cartoonists and even more mediums to make fun of things than we did back then, yet I felt like Puck would have been able to do it in a way no one else right now is doing so. Basically, what I’m saying is, these political comedians do today what Puck did expertly decades ago: cut through all the current shit. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!”. The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue of L’Assiette au Beurre by Steinlen titled, “A Vision de Hugo, 1802–1902.” The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. “The Hyphenated American,” Puck, August 9, 1899. Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death.”, In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover of Harper’s Weekly—a publication that carried the subtitle “A Journal of Civilization”—depicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. I try to create art that is relevant to my life and experiences, so now, I wonder if I am capable of commenting on current society the way that Puck did (actually, I know I’m capable of it, I just now got the idea of finally trying). The satirical weekly, Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. Matthews, Roy T. “Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.” The Historian, Vol. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned “The White Man’s Burden,” the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britain’s John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nations—depicted in grotesque racist caricatures—uphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Appelbaum, Stanley. Source: William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. The caption applies the motto “united we stand” to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. A chained “War Correspondent” is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Puck covered New York City’s Tammany Hall and presidential politics from the terms of Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson, and skewered winners and losers alike. Mott, Frank Luther. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation “Boxer intervention” in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the “European Game” of overseas expansion. A collection of Judge and Puck cartoons dating from 1887–1900 is maintained by the Special Collections Reference Center of The George Washington University. Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bull’s footsteps as he took up the “White Man’s Burden.”, “After Many Years”: The Great Rapprochement. John Bull – Good 'evins! By Annum Masroor National Journal May 22, 2015 This cartoon, "The Modern Colossus of [Rail] Roads," dated December 10, 1879, depicts New York Central… In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary wars—here, the “Philippines” and “Transvaal” (Boer War)—back through time to “Roman Wars.” The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: “is civilization advancing?”. “The Pigtail Has Got to Go.” Louis Dalrymple, Puck, October 19, 1898. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. Gambone, Robert L. Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). 62, Issue 4, pp. ), In an image titled, “Vers le Camp de Reconcentration” (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. “The March of the Strenuous Civilization.” C. S. Taylor, Life, April 11, 1901. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western “civilization” against barbarians—or as the poem put it, “Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.”. He is floating as he runs, which is suggested by the lines and bolts, at the speed of light. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. 5 vols. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. Keppler rendered this as “Japan Makes her Début Under Columbia’s Auspices,” with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. I’m not saying every painter has to have one, but isn’t it, in some way, amazing to? The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an “Official Report to the War Office” that says ”iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences.”, “Les Progrès de la Science” (The Advances of Science). The metaphor of the giant door and the small children really emphasize what a struggle it was to end school segregation. I can tell you what I saw when I got to look at collection of cartoons from Puck. I walked along and saw the influence of their work. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britain’s industrial dominance. As a writer, as an artist, and as a person, this is what I want to be able to do. … In an 1898 two-page spread in Puck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion “After Many Years.” Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. Brewer, Susan. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (“The Stranger”) who is ridiculed. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Je l'ai fait reléguer sous bonne escorte. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." This is a kind of part two to a post I wrote earlier about Billy Ireland. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. Civilization (to China). (ISSN 1961-9898). [View Extract]. Source: Library of Congress. Ships for American commerce a speciality.”, Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, “Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. – wotever 'll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along?” Louis Dalrymple, Puck, July 24, 1895. The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. In the French cartoon “Leur rêve” (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minerva—the Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Change ), Ridiculous Ramblings from Inside a Suburban Starbucks, Butterflies, and Why I’d be a Terrible Social Worker. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerce—“Suez Canal” (completed in 1869) and “Managua Canal” (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceans—an undertaking later transferred to Panama). Jean Veber, L’Assiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, “Come and be saved; if you don’t …”, “The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization.” Udo Keppler, Puck, January 12, 1898. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). American, 1840 // "The Political Dancing Jack" Components: A drawing of two men who look a lot like the Smothers … Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. Teddy Roosevelt has always been seen as a tough guy fighter willing to stand up for Americans. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. You need to analyze five cartoons on your own. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Wikimedia. Pughe Publication: Puck, Vol. Puck’s caricature of Germany’s Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. When the United States entered World War I, anti-alcohol groups saw the opportunity to enact a national Prohibition amendment for which of the following reasons? Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. Jesus”, In an 1899 cartoon, René Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words “Barbarie” and “Civilisation” beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. “Case Study: The Boxer War–The Boxer Uprising.” Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence (July 23, 2008). Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinley’s 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. Titled “Dream of the Empress of China,” the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. It was published from 1871 until 1918. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. The U.S. follows Britain’s imperial lead carrying people from “Barbarism” at the base of the hill to “Civilization” at its summit. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? Use this presentation with political cartoons.. Make sure you pay attention to the label (set letter and cartoon number) and add it into the first column. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a “Boxer” waving a bloody sword and banner reading “400 Million Barbarians.” The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. Source: Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. On May 1—a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was published—Commodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. A cartoon from 1889 illustrates perfectly the anti-Irish sentiments of the period. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!” Louis Dalrymple, Puck, January 25, 1899. However, the new student are shown as displeased or unhappy with their new authority figure (the U.S). America's First Political Cartoons A look back at some of the illustrations that graced the pages of Puck magazine, America's first humor magazine that satirized political and social issues of the day. 13, No. Xiang, Lanxin. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. "ʻCivilizationʼ and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains." The cartoons were published in the satirical magazine "Puck" (1871-1918) founded by Joseph Keppler in St. Louis but which later moved to New York city. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Rudyard Kipling’s famous poem “The White Man’s Burden” was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of “civilization and progress” to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. ‘No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.’—William McKinley.” W. A. Rogers, Harper’s Weekly, July 28, 1900. A tiny female “China” peers at the scene from behind a wall. "The Bosses of the Senate," J. Keppler, Puck, 1889 During the era of the Gilded Age, one of the main ways of criticizing current events was in political cartoons. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. Yet, the protagonists exchange encouraging looks, revealing the covert support behind their positions of “benevolent neutrality.”, “The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899.
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